The ceasefire held whilst re-negotiations continued and in December 2016 a new deal was agreed (without recourse to a 2nd referendum) that was centred around 5 basic principles (pdf):
- Future political participation of FARC members
- rebels reintegration into civilian life
- illegal crop eradication
- transitional justice and reparations (by FARC)
- rebel disarmament and implementation of the peace deal
And in simple terms it seems to be working. We have all seen the amazing pictures on TV of the rebels handing over their weapons, something I thought I would never see, but am very happy that I have.
This long lived conflict began back in the 1960's when FARC and the National Liberation Army (ELN) took up arms against the government after being excluded from a power-sharing agreement that followed a decade of political violence (known as la violencia - 1948-58). FARC's basic ideology is that of militant communism, whilst the ELN were left-wing political radicals who yearned for a Castro style communist revolution in Colombia. Without going into too much detail here it's enough to say that the aims of both groups were fundamentally political in nature with both using violence, kidnapping and extortion as the major tools of their trade and funding their illicit trade with vast quantities of drug money, supplying up to 90% of the worlds cocaine in the early years of this century.
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| FARC rebels (from TIME magazine) |
The peace process was ultimately kick-started in 2000 through a controversial US aid package, imaginatively called 'Plan Colombia,' worth in excess of $10bn that was directed towards limiting drug production and trafficking, strengthening Colombian institutions and helping to combat guerrilla violence, as well as helping promote bilateral trade between the two countries. The plan however, had its' critics who condemned it for increasing both death rates and the (internal) displacement of huge numbers of people, but on the other hand it also had its' proponents, who said Plan Colombia had been 'instrumental in paving the way' for the onset of peace talks in 2016.
The road to peace has been a dangerous, but delicate one that at times was rife with pot-holes but has, in the end, reached its' destination. Colombia now for the first time in living memory can look forward to a more rosy future, free of violence that can work for everyone. (For anyone interested in the peace process see this (pdf) for more details).
The above is an extremely potted version of recent Colombian history. And what inspired me to pass on these snippets was (oddly?) a BBC Africa podcast (22nd Feb - still available for download) which told how Somalia's new President, Mohamed Abdullahi Farmajo, has invited members of Al Shabaab to renounce violence and help rebuild their war torn country.
I listen to the Africa Today podcast every day. I love Africa and Africans. My wife is African and since I was a little boy I've been telling people I was born in the wrong country! But that's neither here nor there - the point is that despite my huge affinity for Africa and all things African, when I listen to the podcast I'm quite often struck by how ridiculous and (quite frankly) dumb some of the things I hear seem to be. And my first thought on hearing President Farmajo's words was incredulity!
Peace with Al Shabaab!? It'll never happen and what's more it'll never work! Yet another outlandish and ridiculous example of the rank stupidity of African politics and diplomacy!
But that evening I watched a news report on Al Jazeera that showed the FARC rebels handing their weapons over and I suddenly thought 'well maybe this guy's not so dumb after all! In fact maybe he's a visionary!' After all, if it can work in Colombia, why not in Somalia?
The conflict in Somalia has been ongoing since 1991 when the dictator Mohamed Said Barre was ousted and the country fell into disarray with the disintegration of any central authority and infighting between rival clan warlords. I spent quite a bit of time in Kenya in 1992 and remember even then being conscious of the instability the conflict had already brought to the region, witnessed in the faces of many Kenyans as they issued warnings to tourists to stay well clear of the Somali border regions.
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| As rival warlords battled across Somalia two relatively peaceful areas in the north, Somaliland & Puntland broke away. |
Al Shabaab is the militant wing of the Somali Council of Islamic Courts which in 2006 overran most of southern Somalia. Since then the conflict has seesawed back and forth with Al Shabaab using terrorist tactics and guerrilla warfare against Somalian armed forces, the African Union peacekeeping force (AMISON) and the various NGO's operating in the region. However, since 2011 the Somali and AMISON forces have gained some traction and have significantly degraded Al Shabaab's control and military capabilities over many regions of Somalia including the capital, Mogadishu.
Beset by infighting among its' leaders, Al Shabaab does not have a centralised structure or a unified set of goals. It's stated primary objective is the establishment of an Islamic State in Somalia based on Islamic (Sharia) Law and the elimination of foreign (infidel) influence, but despite this clan politics and shifting alliances (between clans) have all worked to limit their effectiveness. The group maintains a fluctuating affiliation with Al Queada and has claimed responsibility for many terrorist bombings and suicide attacks in Somalia as well as the Westgate mall attack in Nairobi (in 2013), and further attacks in Djibouti and Kenya.
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| New President Mohamed Farmajo |
Recent military gains by Somalian forces and AMISON have led to greater efforts to restore a central authority and in 2012 resulted in the swearing in of a formal parliament, the first in more than 20 years. And then in February 2017 parliament elected (in closed voting due to security threats from Al Shabaab) Mohmaned Abdullahi Farmajo, a dual US-Somali citizen as the new President. Despite some (inevitable?) corruption allegations during the election process there remains great hope that Farmajo may be the man to turn things around pledging during his campaign to work towards improving security, education and the economy, as well as to build towards full democratic elections.
Parallels between the Colombian and Somali conflicts may not seem immediately apparent. The FARC rebels were political ideologists whilst Al Shabaab are religious extremists, but both groups employed similar tactics to achieve their aims and both have caused extreme strife, hardship and sorrow right across their respective nations.
In Somalia the ongoing conflict has certainly exacerbated the current drought situation turning it into a national disaster that has the potential to affect millions across the country. Just last week the President announced that 110 people had died from hunger in one day alone and warned that the drought may escalate into a full blown famine.
Somalia and its' impoverished, war ravaged people need hope right now, not just that the drought will end, but also that the conflict that has torn this country apart for far too long may also come to an end. Al Shabaab are on the back foot and losing territory. The President's appeal for peace will hopefully not go unheeded. The nations many wounds, the years of fear and hate may take a long time to begin to heal, but it is surely something that must be a priority now for all to share in.
In Colombia the peace process took years to bear fruit. And it will be an ongoing process as the people and the rebels learn to live with one another once more in a shared peace, with a common desire to put the past behind themselves and to look forwards to a brighter future together.
If Al Shabaab and the people of Somalia, led by their new President, can at least begin to talk about putting their arms aside, then perhaps they can start to rediscover that they actually have more in common with each other than they might think and then, hopefully, some sort of peace can grow, reconciliation can begin and eventually Somalia and its' people can start to heal their wounds just as the people of Colombia are now doing.
